Lua code style guidelines

This is largely based on the Python style guide except for some indentation and language syntax differences. When in doubt, consult that guide.

Note that these are only guidelines for more readable code. In some (rare) cases they may result in less readable code. Use your best judgement.

Comments

• Incorrect or outdated comments are worse than no comments.

• Avoid inline comments, unless they're very short.

• Write comments to clarify anything that may be confusing. Don't write comments that describe things that are obvious from the code.

Good:

width = width - 2  -- Adjust for 1px border on each side

Bad:

width = width - 2  -- Decrement width by two

• Comments should follow English grammar rules, this means starting with a capital letter, using commas and apostrophes where appropriate, and ending with a period. The period may be omitted in single-sentence comments. If the first word of a comment is an identifier, its casing should not be changed. Check the spelling.

-- This is a properly formatted comment.
-- This isnt.              (missing apostrophe)
-- neither is this.        (lowercase first letter)

• Comments should have a space between the comment characters and the first word.

--This is wrong.
-- This is right.

• Inline comments should be separated from the code by two spaces.

foo()  -- A proper comment.

• If you write comments for a documentation generation tool, write the comments in LuaDoc format.

• Short multi-line comments should use the regular single-line comment style.

• Long multi-line comments should use Lua's multi-line comment format with no leading characters except a -- before the closer.

--[[
Very long
multi-line comment.
--]]

Lines, spaces, and indentation

• Indentation is done with one tab per indentation level.

• Lines are wrapped at 80 characters where possible, with a hard limit of 90. If you need more you're probably doing something wrong.

Continuation lines

• Conditional expressions have continuation lines indented by two tabs:

if long_function_call(with, many, arguments) and
		another_function_call() then
	do_something()
end

• Function arguments are indented by two tabs:

foo(bar, biz, "This is a long string..."
		baz, qux, "Lua")

• Function definition continuations are also indented by two tabs.

function foo(a, b, c, d,
		e, f, g, h)
	...
end

• When breaking around a binary operator you should break after the operator.

foo["bar"]["biz"]["baz"] = 
	"Example"
if a or b or c or d or
		e or f then
	foo()
end

Empty lines

• Use a single empty line to separate sections of long functions.

• Use two empty lines to separate top-level functions and large tables.

• Do not use a empty line after conditional, looping, or function opening statements.

Good:

function foo()
	if x then
		bar()
	end
end

Bad:

function foo()

	if x then

		bar()
	end
end

• Don't leave white-space at the end of lines.

Spaces

• Spaces are not used around parenthesis, brackets, or curly braces.

Good:

foo({baz=true})
bar[1] = "Hello world"

Bad:

foo ( { baz=true } )
bar [ 1 ]

• Spaces are used after, but not before, commas and semicolons.

Good:

foo(a, b, {c, d})

Bad:

foo(a,b,{c , d})

• Spaces are used around binary operators. With the exception of the member access operator (".") where there shouldn't be spaces, and the concatenation operator ("..") where spaces are optional. In short one-line table definitions the spaces around the equals sign can be omitted.

Good:

local num = 2 * (3 / 4)
foo({bar=true})
foo({bar = true})
local def = {
	foo = true,
	bar = false,
}

Bad:

local num=2*(3/4)
local def={
	foo=true,
	bar=false,
}

• Use spaces to align related things, but don't go overboard:

Good:

local node_up   = minetest.get_node(pos_up)
local node_down = minetest.get_node(pos_down)
-- Too long relative to the other lines, don't align with it
local node_up_1_east_2_north_3 = minetest.get_node(pos_up_1_east_2_north_3)

Bad:

local x                       = true
local very_long_variable_name = false

local foobar    = true
local unrelated = {}

Tables

• Small tables may be placed on one line. Large tables have one entry per line, with the opening and closing braces on lines without items; and with a comma after the last item.

Good:

local foo = {bar=true}
foo = {
	bar = 0,
	biz = 1,
	baz = 2,
}

Bad:

foo = {bar = 0,
	biz = 1,
	baz = 2}
foo = {
	bar = 0, biz = 1,
	baz = 2
}

• In list-style tables where each element is short multiple elements may be placed on each line.

local first_eight_letters = {
	"a", "b", "c", "d",
	"e", "f", "g", "h",
}

Naming

• Functions and variables should be named in lowercase_underscore_style, with the exception of constructor-like functions such as PseudoRandom(), which should use UpperCamelCase.

• Don't invent compound words. Common words like filename are okay, but mashes like getbox and collisiondetection aren't.

• Avoid leading and/or trailing underscores. They're ugly and can be hard to see.

Misc

• Don't put multiple statements on the same line.

• You can put conditionals / loops with small conditions and bodies on one line. This is discouraged for all but the smallest ones though.

Good:

local f, err = io.open(filename, "r")
if not f then return err end

if     foo then return foo
elseif bar then return bar
elseif qux then return qux
end

Bad:

if not f and use_error then error(err) elseif not f then return err end

• Don't compare values explicitly to true, false, or nil, unless it's really needed.

Good:

local f, err = io.open(filename, "r")
if not f then return err end

local t = {"a", true, false}
for i = 1, 5 do
	-- Needs an explicit nil check to avoid triggering
	-- on false, which is a valid value.
	if t[i] == nil then
		t[i] = "Default"
	end
end

Bad:

if f == nil then return err end

• Don't use unnecessary parenthesis unless they improve readability a lot.

if y then bar() end -- Good
if (not x) then foo() end -- Bad

• Write function definitions of the form function foo() instead of the lambda form foo = function(), except when inserting functions in tables inline, where only the second form will work.

• Avoid globals like the plague. The only globals that you should create are namespace tables — and even those will probably be phased out soon.

• Don't let functions get too large. Maximum length depends on complexity; simple functions can be longer than complex functions.