Code style guidelines

This is the coding style used for C/C++ code. Also see the Lua code style guidelines.

The coding style is based on the Linux kernel code style. Much of the existing code doesn't follow the current code style guidelines, do not try to replicate that. Use your best judgment for C++-specific syntax.

Function declarations

In case your function parameters don't fit within the defined line length use following style. Indention for follow up lines is exactly one tab.

void some_function_name(type1 param1, type2 param2, type3 param3,
	type4 param4, type5 param5, type6 param6, type7 param7)
{
	...
}

Sometimes with complex function declarations it might be messy to define as many parameters as possible on the same line. This is acceptable too (and currently used in some places):

void some_function_name(
	const ReallyBigLongTypeName &param1,
	ReallyBigLongTypeName *param2,
	void *param3,
	size_t param4,
	const void *param5,
	size_t param6)
{
	...
}

No more than 7 parameters allowed (except for constructors).

Spaces

• Do not use spaces to indent.
• Try to stay under 6 levels of indentation.
• Add spaces between operators so they line up when appropriate (don't go overboard). For example:

np_terrain_base   = settings->getNoiseParams("mgv6_np_terrain_base");
np_terrain_higher = settings->getNoiseParams("mgv6_np_terrain_higher");
np_steepness      = settings->getNoiseParams("mgv6_np_steepness");
np_height_select  = settings->getNoiseParams("mgv6_np_height_select");
...
bool success =
	np_terrain_base  && np_terrain_higher && np_steepness &&
	np_height_select && np_trees          && np_mud       &&
	np_beach         && np_biome          && np_cave;

The above code looks really nice.

• Separate different parts of functions with newlines for readability.
• Separate functions by two newlines (not necessary, but encouraged).
• Use a space after if, else, for, do, while, switch, case, try, catch, etc.
• When breaking conditionals indent following lines of the conditional with two tabs and the statement body with one tab. For example:

for (std::vector<std::string>::iterator it = strings.begin();
		it != strings.end();
		++it) {
	*it = it->substr(1, 1);
}

• Align backslashes for multi-line macros with spaces:

#define FOOBAR(x) do {    \
	int __temp = (x); \
	foo(__temp);      \
} while (0)

Bracing and indentation

If statements

This rule has already been explicitly stated in the Linux kernel code style from which this code style inherits, but it will be repeated here because it seems that too many people ignore or forget about it:

PUTTING THE BODY OF AN IF STATEMENT ON THE SAME LINE AS THE CONDITION IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED

Example:

if (foobar < 3) foobar = 45;      <------ THIS IS WRONG

Violating this rule will result in INSTANT REJECTION! STOP DOING IT!

Examples of decent if statement wordings:

if (foobar < 3)
	foobar = 45;

if (foobar < 6) {
	foobar = 62;
	return;
}

Nested for loop exception

Special exception to the standard bracing/indent rules for nested loops: If a nested loop iterates over a set of coordinates, it is permitted to omit the braces for all but the innermost loop and keep the outer loops at the same indentation level, like so:

for (s16 z = pmin.Z; z <= pmax.Z, z++)
for (s16 y = pmin.Y; y <= pmax.Y; y++)
for (s16 x = pmin.X; x <= pmax.X; x++) {
	// ... do stuff here ...
}

Do not be too C++y

• Don't pass non-const references to functions.
• Don't use initializer lists unless absolutely necessary (initializing an object inside a class, or initializing a reference).
• Try to minimize the usage of exceptions.
• Avoid operator overloading like the plague.
• Don't use iterators when unnecessary.
• Avoid templates unless they are very convenient.
• Usage of macros is not discouraged, just don't overdo it like X.org, it's better to use inline functions.

Classes

• Class names are PascalCase, method names are camelCase.
• Don't put actual code in header files, unless it's a 4-liner, an inline function, or part of a template.
• Class definitions should go in header files.
• Substantial (over 4 lines) methods should be defined outside of the class definition.
• Functions not part of any class should use lowercase_underscore_style().

Comments

• Doxygen comments are acceptable, but please put them in the header file.
• Don't make uninformative comments like this:

// Draw "Loading" screen
draw_load_screen(L"Loading...", driver, font);

• Add comments to explain a non-trivial but important detail about the code, or explain behavior that is not obvious.
• For comments with text, be sure to add a space between the text and the comment tokens:

DoThingHere();  // This does thing    <--- yes!
DoThingHere();  /* This does thing */ <--- yes!

DoThingHere();  //This does thing      <--- no!
DoThingHere();  /*This does thing*/    <--- no!
DoThingHere();//This does thing        <--- Definitely not

Use STL, avoid Irrlicht containers, and no, Boost will not even be considered, so forget it

• In general, adding new dependencies is considered serious business.
• We are using C++11, boost will never be an option

Don't let things get too large

• Try to keep lines under 80 characters. It's okay if it goes over by a few, but 90 character lines or larger are definitely unacceptable. (note: this column count assumes 4-space indents)
• Functions should not have over 200 lines of code – if you are concerned with having to pass too many parameters to child functions, make whatever it is into a class.
• Don't let files get too large (over 1500 lines of code). Currently existing huge files (game.cpp, server.cpp, ...) are in the slow process of being cleaned up.

Files

• Files should be named using lowercase_underscore style.
• Files should have includes for everything that they depend on. Don't depend on, eg, "util/numeric.h" including <string>!
• Uniqueness when compiling headers is ensured by using pragma once

#pragma once

#include <string>

class Foo {
};

• All files should include the appropriate license header

Miscellaneous

• Do NOT use "or", use "||".
• Set pointer values to nullptr, not 0. Contrary to what some people may believe, nullptr is a part of the official C++11 standard.
• Do not use characters in C++ files from outside the ASCII character set.
• Use of Hungarian notation is very limited. Scope specifiers such as g_ for globals, s_ for statics, or m_ for members are allowed. The prefix m_ is discouraged for public members in newer code as it is a part of the class' interface, but sometimes needed for consistency when adding a member to older code.
• Don't use camelCase for local variables. Use lowercase_and_underscored instead.
• Don't use distracting and unnecessary amounts of object orientated abstraction. See Terasology as an example of what not to do.
• As an addendum to the last point, don't randomly add unnecessary design patterns to your code, such as factories/providers/sources
• In switch-case statements add break also to the last case and to default
• In if-else statements, put the code which becomes executed more likely first
• For consistency, use American English where spellings differ (e.g. use color, not colour).